Massael No:
1. Har musalmaan ke liye usoole deen ko azrooe basarat jannaa zaruri hai. Usool-e-deen mein taqleed nahin ki ja sakti y’ani yeh nahin ho sakta keh koi shakhṣ usoole deen mein kisi sahib ilm ki baat sirf is wajah se mane keh woh keh raha hai. Laikin agar koi shakhṣ islaamke sahi aqaed pat yaqeen rakhta ho aur is ka izhaar karta ho agar che yeh izhaar azrooe basarat naa ho tab bhi woh musalmaan aur momeen hai aur is par imaan aur Islam ke tamaam Ehkaam jaari honge.
Jahan tak deeni Ehkaam ka ta’luq hai, “mooslamah aur qatae’ umoor” ko chhor kar baaqi Ehkaamaat mein zaruri hai keh insaan ya to khud mujtahid ho y’ani Ehkaam ko daleel ke zariye hasil kar sake ya kisi mujtahid ki taqleed kare ya azrah Ehteyaat apnaa fareezah yoon adaa kare keh ise yaqeen ha jaaye keh is ne apni sharaei zimmedaari poori kar di hai. Maslan agar chand mujtahid kisi amal ko haraam qarar dein aur chand dusre kahen keh haraam nahin hai to is amal se baaz rahe aur agar ba’z mujtahid kisi amal ko wajib aur ba’z mustahab qarar dein to ise baja layen. Lehaaza jo ashkhas naa to mujtahid hon aur naa hi Ehteyaat par amal peira ho saken in ke liye wajib hai keh mujtahid ki taqleed Karen.
2. Deeni Ehkaam mein taqleed ka matlab yeh hai keh kisi mujtahid ke fatwe par amal kiya jaaye aur zaruri hai keh jis mujtahid ki taqleed ki jaaye woh Mard – Baligh – A’qil – Shia ishnaa ashari – Halal zaada – Zinda aur ‘Adil ho.
‘Adil woh shakhṣ hai jo in tamaam kamo ko baja laye jo is par wajib hain aur in tamaam kamon ko tark kare jo is par haraam hain. ‘Adil hone ki nishani yeh hai keh woh bazahir ek acchaa shakhṣ ho aur is ke ahal muhalla humsayon ya hum naasheenon se is ke baare mein daryaaafat kiya jaaye to woh is ki acchaaei ki tasdeeq Karen
Agar yeh baat ajmalan ma’loom ho keh darpesh massael mein mujtahedeen ke fatwe ek dusre se mukhtalif hain to zaruri hai keh is mujtahid ki taqleed ki jaaye jo “ A’lim” ho y’ani apne zamaane ke digar mujtahedeen ki nisbat Ehkaam illahi ko samajhne ki behtar salaahiyat rakhta ho.
3. Mujtahid aur A’lam ki pehchan teen tareeqon se ho sakti hai :
(1) Kisi insaan ko khud yaqeen aa jaaye, maslan woh aisa shakhṣ ho jo khud sahebe ilm ho aur mujtahid aur ilm ko pehchanne ki salaahiya rakhta ho.
(2) Do aise a’lam aur aadil ashkhas jo mujtahid aur a’lam k pehchanne ka malka rakhte hon, kisi ke mujtahid ya a’lim hone ki tasdeeq karen, bashart yeh keh do aur a’lim aur aadil in ki tardeed naa karen, balkeh kisi ke mujtahid ya a’lam honaa ek qabil a’itmaad ahal khubrah wa itla’ shakhs ke qaul se bhi sabit ho jata hai.
(3) Yeh keh insaan kisi aqlaee tareeqe se kisi shakhs ke mujtahid ya a’lam hone ka itminaan hasil kar le. Maslan kuch aise ahal ilm ( ahal khubrah) jo mujtahid aur a’lam ko pehchanne ki salaahiya rakhte hain aur in ki baat se itminaan bhi aa jata hai, kisi ke mujtahid ya a’lam hone ki tasdeeq karen.
4. Kisi mujtahid ka fatwaa hasi karne ke char tareeqe hain :
(1) Khud mujtahid se soonnaa. (2) Mujtahid ka fatwaa bayan karne waale do a’adil ashkhas se soonnaa. (3) Kisi aise shakhs se soonnaa jis ki baat par itminaan ho. (4) Mujathid ki kitaab (maslan Tauzih ul massael) mein padhnaa bashart hai keh is kitab ki sehat ke baare mein itminaan ho.
5. Jab tak insaan ko yeh yaqeen naa ho jaaye keh mujtahid ka fatwaa badal chukka hai woh kitab mein likhe hue fatwe par amal kar sakta hai aur agar fatwe ke badal jane ka ehtemaal ho to chhaan been karna zaruri nahin.
6. Agar mujtahid a’lam koi fatwaa de to is ka muqqallid is massaele mein kisi dusre mujtahid ke fatwe par amal nahin kar sakta. Taa hum agar woh (y’ani mujtahid a’lam) fatwaa naa de balkeh yeh kahe keh Ehteyaat is mein hai keh yoon amal kiya jaaye. Maslan Ehteyaat is mein hai keh Namaaz ki pehli aur dusri raka’t mein surah alhamd ke ba’d ek poori surat paṛe to zaruri hai eh maqalid ya to is Ehteyaat par, jise Ehteyaat-e- wajib kahte hain, ama; kare ya kisi dusre mujtahid ke fatwe par a’lam faala ilm ka khayal rakhte hue amal kare. Pas agar woh (y’ani dasra mujtahid) faqat surah alhamd ko kafi samajhta ho to dusri surat tark ki ja sakti hai.
Jab mujtahid a’lam kisi massa’le ke baare mein kahe keh mahal t’ammul ya mahal ishkal hai to is ka bhi Yahi hukm hai.
7. Agar mujtahid a’lam kisi massale ke baare mein fatwaa den eke ba’d ya is se pehle Ehteyaat ka tazkirah kare maslan yeh kahe keh najis bartan paani mein ek martaba dhone se paak ho jata hai agar che Ehteyaat is mein hai keh teen martaba dhoe to maqalid aisi Ehteyaat ko tark kar saktaa hai. Is qisam ki Ehteyaat ko Ehteyaat-e-mustahab kahte hain.
8. Agar woh mujtahid jis ki ek shakhṣ taqleed karta hai faut ho jaaye to jo hukm is ki zindagi mein tha wohi hukm is ki wafaat ke ba’d bhi hai. Lehaaza agar marhoom mujtahid , zindah mujtahid ke maqaabale mein a’lam ho to woh shakhṣ jise darpesh massa’el mein dono mujtahedeen ke manein ekhtelaaf ka agar che ajmaali taur par ilm ho ise marhoom mujtahid ki taqleed par baaqi rahnaa zaruri hai aur agar zindah mujtahid a’lam ho to phir zindah mujtahid ki taraf rajoo karna zaruri hai.
Aur agar kisi ek ke a’lam hone ka yaqeen naa ho sake ya dono massawi hon to ise ikhteyar hai keh in dono mein se kisi ke fatwe ke mutabiq amal kar le. Albattah agar ilm ajmaali hasil ho jaaye ya kisi shara’ee takleef par hujjat ajmaali qaaem ho jaaye, maslan qasr aur tamaam ke darmiyan ikhtelaafi maqaamaat, to Ehteyaat-e- wajib ki bina pa zaoori hai keh dono ke fatwe ka khayal rakhe.
Is massa’le mein taqleed se muraad maeyeen mujtahid ke fatwe ki pairwi karne ko sirf apne liye laazim qarar denaa hai naa keh oos ke hukm ke mutabiq amal karna.
9. Mukallif ke liye woh tamaam massael seekhnaa laazim hai jin ke baare mein ehtemaal hai keh seekhne ki wajah se khuda ki m’siat mein mubtala h sakta hai. Y’ani kisi wajib ko tark karne ya kisi haram ko anjaam dene ka martakab ho sakta hai.
10. Agar kisi shakhṣ ko koi aisa masslah pesh aaye jis ka hukm ise ma’loom naa ho to laazim hai keh Ehteyaat kare ya in sharaet ke mutabiq taqleed kare jin ka zikr uupar aa chukka hai. Laikin agar is massale mein ise a’lam ke fatwe tak rasaee hasi naa ho sake ti a’lam fala im ka khayal rakhte hue falaa ilm ki taqleed kar sakta hai.
11. Agar koi shakhṣ mujtahid ka fatwaa kisi dusre shakhjs ko batae aur phir mujtahid apnaa fatwaa badal de to is ke liye dusre shakhṣ ko fatwe ki tabdeeli ki itla’ denaa zaruri nahin. Laikin agar fatwaa batane waale ke ba’d yeh ma’loom ho keh fatwaa batane mein galti ho gayee hai aur is itla’ ki wajah se woh shakhṣ apne shara’ee wazife ke khelaaf amal karega to Ehteyaat-e-laazim ki bina par jahan tak ho sake is galti ka azalah kare.
12. Agar koi mukallif ek muddat kisi ki taqleed kiye baighair amaal baja lata rahe, to agar is ke amaal hukm waq’e ke mutabiq hon ya is mujtahid ke fatwe ke mutabiq hon, jis ki taqleed karna bhi is ki zimmedaari hai to woh amaal sahi tassoor kiye jaayenge. Is ke alawoh bhi agar woh jahil qaasar ho aur amaal ka nuqs arkan waghairah k aitebaar se naa ho to bhi is ke amaal sahi tasoor kiye jaayenge.
Yahi hukm is surat mein bhi hai jab jahil muqassar ho aura mal mein koi aisa nuqs ho jo lailmi ki surat mein m’af ho, to jaise bulan aawaz se qaraet ki jagah aahista aawaz se qaraaet ya bil’ks, to bhi is ke amaal sahi mane jaayenge.
Yahi hukm is surat mein bhi hai jab ise yeh m’aloom naa ho keh pichhle amaale kaifiat ke aitbaar se sahi the ya nahin to bhi is ke amaal minhaaj mein zaks shuda ba’z mawarid ke alawoh sahi tassoor kiya jaayenge.